Emissions from other land-based diesel engines (road vehicles, off-road machinery, military vehicles and locomotives) are estimated to contribute a further 0.18-0.42 g TEQ. In terms of their toxic equivalence (WHO-TEQ), the PCDD/PCDF emissions from ships using Swedish fuels are small (0.37 - 0.85 g TEQ) in comparison to recent estimates for the national total (ca. Total emissions for 2002, using the revised emission factors, have been calculated based on Swedish sold marine fuels and also for geographical areas of national importance. As expected the greatest emissions were observed during main engine start-up periods and for engines using heavier fuel oils. The data suggests however that previous PCDD/PCDF emission factors are probably too high. The measured emissions correspond reasonably well with previous measurements. Analyses were performed on 12 exhaust samples, 3 fuel oil samples and 3 lubricating oil samples from a representative selection of diesel engine models, fuel types and during different 'real-world' operating conditions. Consequently and as an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the Swedish Environmental Research Institute has undertaken a comprehensive study focusing on these emissions from three different ships during December 2003 to March 2004.
#ALTIUM DESIGNER SUMMER 2009 9.4 TORRENT UPDATE#
Since current estimates of hexachlorobenzene ( HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB), dioxins (PCDD), and furans (PCDF) from ships are based on a relatively limited and old data set, an update of these emission factors has been outlined as a target towards improved emission inventories. HCB, PCB, PCDD and PCDF emissions from ships Is there a relationship between levels of POPs and incidence rate? The aim is to investigate The first cases of endometrial cancer among women using estrogen replacement therapy were reported in early 1960's.
Estrogen replacement has been suggested as a risk factor among several others.
The cumulative probability of developing the disease before 85 years of age was 2.8% in 2002. It accounted for 5.8% of all cancers incidents among Swedish women in 2002. Another hormone dependent cancer is endometrial cancer. The study gave support to the hypothesis that exposure to endocrine disruptors during the fetal period may be of etiologic importance in the etiology of testicular cancer. Similar concentrations were found in cases with testicular cancer as in the population controls. In a case-control study on patients with testicular cancer we found higher concentrations of PCBs, HCB and chlordanes in mothers to cases than in mothers to controls. Also p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) the most persistent metabolite of p,p'-DDT has been postulated to be an environmental endocrine disruptor. Hexachlorobenzene ( HCB) has been shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties. PCBs have been shown to reverse gonadal sex in turtle5 and abnormalities of reproductive development has been described in juvenile alligators living in contaminated environment in Florida. Some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and especially the hydroxylated metabolites, and chlordanes, have been postulated to be endocrine disruptors. In humans concern has been focused on ''endocrine disrupting chemicals'' with either estrogenic or antiestrogenic activities.
Impacts of increasing levels of xenoestrogens have been observed in aquatic organisms. Hospital, Oerebro (Sweden)Įnvironmental pollutants with hormonal activity, such as xenoestrogens, have for several years been of concern as potential risk factors for hormone dependant tumors. [MTM Research Centre, Oerebro Univ., Oerebro (Sweden) Hardell, L. Adipose tissue concentrations of PCB, HCB, chlordane, PBDE and P,P'-DDE and the risk for endometrial cancerĮnergy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
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